社会保険のこと

「社会保険のこと」

http://www.geocities.co.jp/WallStreet/1356/kuru/socialinsurance.html

は、目から鱗だった。

肝は以下の部分。

「国家保険制度が（母集合の減少により）破綻をきたす現在、汎国家的（規模を持つ）保険制度への移行の圧力が生じる。それを受け持つのは、トランスナショナルとしての、多国籍企業である。国家を越える規模の保険は、加入者総数＝母集合の大きさで優り、資本の大きさ、統計的安定性でも優位に立つ（リスク回避性の優位）。」

身近な例では、我々の子どもの頃には、TV の CM に「アメリカンファミリー」とか「GE エジソン」とかが出てくることは、なかった。もはやわれわれは飛行機で国境を越え、グローバル化が進み、インターネットの世の中になって、技術的な制約から解き放たれた。その結果、人、金、モノ、情報は世界を移動する。移動とは集中しているところから分散できることを意味する。大事なのはリスクも移動するということである。

つまり国家で支えきれないリスク（この場合は社会保険）は、地球レベルで規模を追究した多国籍の保険会社が受け持てるということである。つまり、日本は社会保障制度を完成させたが、完成させたと同時にグローバル化で時代背景、前提条件、取り巻く環境が変わってしまったため、その保障制度は時代に照らし合わせるといびつなものになってしまっているのかも知れない。

マーケティングの教科書では、企業を取り巻くものとして外部環境（外部要因）と内部環境（内部要因）の変化を観察する。これを日本の社会保険に照らし合わせれば、外部環境の変化はグローバル化、インターネットの登場（IT革命）だし、内部要因は少子高齢化だといえるだろう。

　社会保険（健康保険など）においては、保険料は負担能力に応じて、給付は必要性に応じて行われる。民間保険は、次のような理由から、これができない。

逆選択の存在
加入者に対して一律の保険金を課するならば、高リスク者と低リスク者の間で不平等が起こる。同じだけ掛けても、高リスク者はたくさん得るからだ。よって、高リスク者の加入増加、低リスク者の脱退→保険料の上昇→脱退に正のフィードバック→保険制度崩壊。
社会保険は高リスク者の救済を目的とするため、逆選択を排除する強制加入を行う。国民皆保険制の理由である。
不確実性の大きさと質

　確率計算が困難であり私企業としては手を付け難い分野だが、しかし福祉制度として必要な諸リスクをカバーしなければならない。
再分配機能
　民間保険は、予想損失額にリスク発生確率を乗じたものを保険金として定める。つまりリスクと保険金の間には比例関係がある。
　危険分散機能だけではなく、所得分配機能を持つべき社会保険は、高リスク者を低い負担で救済するために、このリスクと保険金の間の比例関係を断ち切る。

　国家保険制度が（母集合の減少により）破綻をきたす現在、汎国家的（規模を持つ）保険制度への移行の圧力が生じる。それを受け持つのは、トランスナショナルとしての、多国籍企業である。国家を越える規模の保険は、加入者総数＝母集合の大きさで優り、資本の大きさ、統計的安定性でも優位に立つ（リスク回避性の優位）。もうひとつ、上に述べたように、所得に応じた累進的掛金に対して、保険金支払は反比例する。つまり国家保険制度下では、「少なく支払うものが多く受け取る」。もし可能であれば、中・高所得者が公的保険制度から離脱しようと言うのは「経済合理的」判断である。我々は「貧しいものと同じ保険に入るのは嫌なのだ」。それに対して、企業が提供する商品としての保険は、掛金／保険率について、（保険を購入し得るものだけが加入者＝受取権利者であるのだから）まだしも有利である。「競走」状態になれば、国家保険制度は、私企業が提供するサービスに負けてしまうだろう。国家は「社会的サービスの圧倒的提供者」では、少なくとも「適切なサービスの提供者」ではもはやないのかもしれない。

　たとえば外国人登録する外国人は、日本在住の間、「国民健康保険」に加入しなければならない（「国民」皆保険制））。しかしあまり大きな声ではいえないが、これを回避することができる。彼らは日本国家が高い保険料と引き替えに提供する国民保険（National Insurance）をキャンセルし、イギリスやアメリカの保険会社がより安い保険料で提供する国際保険（International Insurance）を選択している。そういう人がこっそり増えている。

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Posted on 2005-03-11 by yas |

福祉と医療

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社会保険のこと

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